Introduction
The global optical fibre network currently carries hundreds of terabits per second every instant, with capacity growing at ~25% annually. To dramatically increase bandwidth capacity, ultrahigh capacity transmission links employ massively parallel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with coherent modulation formats, and in recent lab-based research, by using spatial division multiplexing (SDM) over multicore or multi-mode fibre. At the same time, there is a strong trend towards a greater number of shorter high-capacity links. Whereas core long-haul (spanning 1000’s km) communications dominated global networks 10 years ago, now the emphasis has squarely shifted to metro-area networks (linking across 10’s–100’s km) and even data centres (< 10 km). All of this is driving the need for increasingly compact, low-cost and energy-efficient solutions, with photonic integrated circuits emerging as the most viable approach. The optical source is central to every link, and as such, perhaps has the greatest need for integration. The ability to supply all wavelengths with a single, compact integrated chip, replacing many parallel lasers, will offer the greatest benefits.
Micro-combs, optical frequency combs based on micro-cavity resonators, have shown significant promise in fulfilling this role. They offer the full potential of their bulk counterparts, but in an integrated footprint. The discovery of temporal soliton states (DKS—dissipative Kerr solitons) as a means of mode-locking micro-combs has enabled breakthroughs in many fields including spectroscopy, microwave photonics, frequency synthesis, optical ranging, quantum sources, metrology and more. One of their most-promising applications has been optical fibre communications, where they have enabled massively parallel ultrahigh capacity multiplexed data transmission.
The success of micro-combs has been enabled by the ability to phase-lock, or mode-lock, their comb lines. This, in turn, has resulted from exploring novel oscillation states such as temporal soliton states, including feedback-stabilised Kerr combs, dark solitons and DKS. DKS states, in particular, have enabled transmission rates of 30 Tb/s for a single device and 55 Tb/s by combining two devices, using the full C and L telecommunication bands. In particular, for practical systems, achieving a high spectral efficiency is critically important—it is a key parameter as it determines the fundamental limit of data-carrying capacity for a given optical communications bandwidth.
Recently, a powerful class of micro-comb termed soliton crystals was reported, and devices realised in a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) compatible platform have proven highly successful at forming the basis for microwave and RF photonic devices. Soliton crystals were so-named because of their crystal-like profile in the angular domain of tightly packed self-localised pulses within micro-ring resonators (MRRs). They are naturally formed in micro-cavities with appropriate mode-crossings without the need for complex dynamic pumping and stabilisation schemes that are required to generate self-localised DKS waves (described by the Lugiato-Lefever equation). The key to their stability lies in their intracavity power that is very close to that of spatiotemporal chaotic states. Hence, when emerging from chaotic states there is very little change in intracavity power and thus no thermal detuning or instability, resulting from the ‘soliton step’ that makes resonant pumping more challenging. It is this combination of intrinsic stability (without the need for external aid), ease of generation and overall efficiency that makes them highly suited for demanding applications such as ultrahigh-capacity transmission beyond a terabit/s.
Here, we report ultrahigh bandwidth optical data transmission across standard fibre with a single integrated chip source. We employ soliton crystals realised in a CMOS-compatible platform to achieve a data line-rate of 44.2 Tb/s from a single source, along with a high spectral efficiency of 10.4 bits/s/Hz. We accomplish these results through the use of a high modulation format of 64 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a low comb-free spectral range (FSR) spacing of 48.9 GHz, and by using only the telecommunications C-band. We demonstrate transmission over 75 km of fibre in the laboratory as well as in a field trial over an installed network in the greater metropolitan area of Melbourne, Australia. Our results stem from the soliton crystal’s extremely robust and stable operation/generation as well as its much higher intrinsic efficiency, all of which are enabled by an integrated CMOS-compatible platform.
