Level 1 routers will only share routing information with other Level 1 routers. This makes them stub routers. In the topology above, area 40...

Like OSPF, IS-IS uses areas. Areas can be either a backbone area, or normal area. To support this concept, a router may be one of the follow...

As the history of IS-IS is in the OSI stack, some of the components are a bit different to what we’re used to in the TCP/IP world. Let’s cl...

IS-IS, or Intermediate System to Intermediate System, is an open standard routing protocol. ISO published the standard as a way to route dat...

Data centers are crucial components in the functioning of modern businesses. These facilities house large amounts of data and computing res...